Humans have been using herbs to support sexual function for thousands of years. it’s no surprise we’ve developed a long list of herbs that are reported to support sexual health, improve libido, and make us more fertile.

Some of these herbs have been validated by science, others have yet to be confirmed.

In this article, we’re going to cover 34 (and counting) medicinal herb species with traditional and scientifically-validated benefits on sexual reproductive health.

What is an Aphrodisiac?

Aphrodisiacs are a class of compounds either natural or synthetic that increase both the desire and ability for sexual activity.

In this article we’ll highlight over 30 (and counting) herbal aphrodisiacs, including how they work, and where they originate.

Classifying Herbal Aphrodisiacs

There are six main classes of herbal aphrodisiacs — organized by their general mechanism of action.

1. Aromatic Aphrodisiacs — work through volatile oils of plants to activate the limbic system of the brain

2. Adaptogenic Aphrodisiacs — work by promoting optimal health to promote our natural desire to procreate

3. Nutritional Aphrodisiacs — work by providing the raw materials to build sex hormones and other compounds related to procreation

4. Sexual stimulants — work by directly stimulating one or more processes involved with sexual desire or function

5. Nervine aphrodisiacs — work through the nervous system, usually via the vagus nerve which controls our reproductive organs

6. Energetic aphrodisiacs — these are the traditional aphrodisiacs that are explained through energetic medical systems

Herbal Aphrodisiacs of the World

1. Zoapatle

(Montanoa tomentosa)

Origin: Mexico & Central America

Class of Aphrodisiac: Nervine Aphrodisiac

Zoapatle is a member of the Asteraceae (sunflower family). This herb has been shown to act directly on the spinal nerve in charge of the ejaculation in mice, and has been suggested to produce its aphrodisiac effects by acting as an oxytocic agent.

Oxytocin is a neurotransmitter in the brain associated with emotions like love and adoration. It’s also heavily involved in feelings of attraction and libido.

2. Tribulus

(Tribulus terrestris)

Origin: Eurasia, Africa, North America, and Australia

Class of Aphrodisiac: Sexual Stimulant

This small herb can be found in temperate, and tropical climates all over the world. It’s used to improve sperm production to boost fertility and libido in men.

Tribulus has been shown to increase levels of testosterone, luteinizing hormone, dehydroepiandrosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in humans [3, 4].

You can find tribulus in the form of powdered capsules.

3. Deer or Elk antler velvet

Origin: International

Aphrodisiac Class: Adaptogenic Aphrodisiac

While technically not a herb, deer antler velvet is used a lot like a herb, and is often included in herbal pharmacopoeias.

In the spring, the antlers of deer are covered in a skin covering called antler velvet.

During this time the antlers experience rapid growth — which have been recorded to be as fast as 2 cm a day before later hardening.

This velvet has been used in Chinese medicine for hundreds, if not thousands of years for a wide range of applications. One of the most powerful and popular uses for antler velvet is to support sexual potency in both men and women.

For men, deer antler velvet has been used to increase endurance, libido, and treat sexual dysfunction. Woman use it for menstruation or menopausal issues and to improve fertility.

The mechanism of action is suggested to be through adaptogenic benefits. It’s considered warming and stimulating in Chinese Medicine.

The North American Rocky Mountains has one of the highest concentrations of Deer in the world. Deer are very adaptable however, and can be found all over the world.

New Zealand has extensive deer farms cultivating venison and deer antler velvet and is known to be one of the best sources of the herb.

Deer or elk antler velvet can be bought in the form of a tincture.

4. Maca

(Lepidium meyenii)

Origin: South America (Andes Mountain Range)

Class of Aphrodisiac: Nutritional Aphrodisiac

Maca is a root vegetable growing in the high Andean mountains. It has significant, well documented libido enhancing effects stemming from the abundance of amino acid hormone precursors and alkaloids found in the plant.

Maca root is used to boost libido, support fertility in men and women, and improve sperm production.

The aphrodisiac effects of maca are notably stronger in men than women, and build over time with regular consumption of the herb.

You can find maca root powder online to add to smoothies or oatmeal.

5. Passionflower

(Passiflora spp.)

Origin: South America

Class of Aphrodisiac: Nervine Aphrodisiac

Passionflower has been used as an aphrodisiac by traditional medical systems in both North and South America for thousands of years (most notably by the Mayans).

The leaves are used to make tea, and have been shown to increase sperm count, litter size in mice (a metric of fertility), and overall sexual function and libido.

Stress is a common cause of low sex drive. Passionflower has many effects to combat the effects of stress on the body, and may provide aphrodisiac properties through these relaxing benefits.

Passionflower is available in capsules, or as a tincture.

6. Yohimbe

(Pausinystalia johimbe)

Origin: Africa

Class of Aphrodisiac: Sexual Stimulant

Yohimbe contains an alkaloid known as yohimbine — which is widely used as an aphrodisiac and natural sexual stimulant. It’s become so popular, it’s even garnered the common name “nature’s viagra”.

The herb works to improve blood flow to the penis by dilating blood vessels and increasing the body's production of norepinephrine.

While a lot of the reports for this herb are exaggerated, there' is evidence the alkaloid can dramatically improve libido and sexual function in both men and women.

Yohimbine can be extracted from two main herbs — Pausinystalia yohimbe and Rauvolfia serpentina — though true yohimbe is the Pausinystalia species.

Yohimbe can be dangerous if taken too much or too often due to the powerful central nervous system stimulating activity.

Yohimbe is one of the few natural aphrodisiacs that produces results in under an hour after consumption.

Yohimbe comes in the form of a powder or liquid tincture.

7. Muira Puama

(Ptychopetalum olacoides)

Origin: South America

Class of Aphrodisiac: Nervine Aphrodisiac

Muira puama has a long history of use in traditional Amazonian medicine for common ailments of aging — including erectile dysfunction, low libido, poor fertility, and memory loss. Some even use the herb as a general male tonic before any problems arise.

Muira puama is often used alongside catuaba (number 8 on our list).

This is one of the most powerful and safe sexual potency herbs in the Amazon. It works on both men and women, but has a stronger affinity for the male reproductive system.

You can find muira puama alone as a capsule, or in a libido-enhancing formula with damiana, catuaba, and muira puama together.

8. Catuaba

(Trichilia catigua/Erythroxylum catuaba)

Origin: South America

Class of Aphrodisiac: Nervine Aphrodisiac

Catuaba has been used for centuries to increase sexual desire, and correct erectile dysfunction. In the Brazilian state of Minas there goes a saying “until a father reaches 60, the son is his; after that, the son is Catuabas!”.

Catuaba works through the dopaminergic, adrenergic, and serotonergic systems to regulate emotion, cognition, and sexual function. While it’s most commonly used as an aphrodisiac, the nervine properties are becoming more well-known, and the herb is now being used to fight depression and memory loss as well.

You can find catuaba bark to make into a tea, or use capsules.

9. Suma

(Pfaffia paniculata)

Origin: South America

Class of Aphrodisiac: Adaptogenic Aphrodisiac

Suma has a long history of use in South America for many conditions. It’s considered a panacea (cure-all) in the region, and is used alongside other herbs for treating debility, cold/flus, snake bites, cancer, weakness, and low libido or fertility.

This herb is an adaptogen — helping to bolster our ability to resist stress. As stress levels rise, it can dramatically lower libido and fertility.

Suma also promotes the production of immune cells, red blood cells, and hormones — all playing a role in our reproductive health.

The effects of suma for fertility and libido require at least a week of consistent use.

Suma is sold online in the form of capsules.

10. Damiana

(Turnera diffusa)

Origin: Mexico & Central America

Class of Aphrodisiac: Nervine Aphrodisiac

Damiana has a rich history as a euphoric, nervine, and aphrodisiac in Mexico and other areas of Central and South America. It’s smoked or ingested with other psychotropic herbs such as kava during ceremonies for its ability to induce a euphoric and relaxed state of mind.

The relaxing qualities are often attributed for damianas aphrodisiac effects, but there’s another reason as well. Damiana contains a lot of the same compounds also found in yohimbe — which has had a lot of research done to prove the effects on sexual function.

You can find damiana as a tea or tincture.

11. Clavo huasca 

(Tynanthus panurensis)

Origin: South America

Class of Aphrodisiac: Aromatic Aphrodisiac

Clavo huasca is an Amazonian vine traditionally used for treating infections, arthritis, digestive inflammation, and as an aphrodisiac. This herb has a stronger effect on women compared to men, but can be used for both sexes.

Clavo huasca vine contains eugenol — which is also the main ingredient in another aphrodisiac herb, nutmeg. Eugenol provides the bulk of pain-killing and aphrodisiac benefits of the herb by stimulating the limbic system in men and women, and inducing relaxation of the corpus cavernosum in men (thus promoting erectile function).

You can find clavo huasca in the form of a tincture.

12. Jatropha

(Jatropha macrantha) 

Origin: South America

Class of Aphrodisiac: Nervine Aphrodisiac

Jatropha is a the Peruvian alternative for muira puama. Both plants are used for the same purpose of alleviating common complaints of aging (memory loss, low libido, muscle weakness).

This herb is also known as “Huanarpo macho”, or “Peruvian viagra”. It’s specific for the male libido, and has little impact on female libido.

This herb is very popular in Brazil and Peru, and is used to treat premature ejaculation and erectile dysfunction.

13. Rosewood 

(Aniba roseodora)

Origin: South America

Class of Aphrodisiac: Aromatic Aphrodisiac

Rosewood is a large tree growing in the Amazon rainforest with strong aphrodisiac effects from its essential oil content. The oil is often added to perfumes, lotions, and diffusers to uplift the mood and improve libido.

Unfortunately the industry around this valuable tree has resulted in widespread damage to the Amazon rainforest. As loggers search for new stands of rosewood trees, roads are cut, and neighboring trees are damaged or killed in the harvesting process.

Always look for sustainably-sourced rosewood essential oil, and avoid cheap oils to avoid supporting unethical harvesting practices.

14. Black Aphrodisiac

(Fadogia agrestis)

Origin: Africa

Class of Aphrodisiac: Sexual Stimulant

This herb is related to the coffee plant (Coffea spp.) and possesses significant stimulating and aphrodisiac effects.

Fadogia agrestis has been shown to increase serum (blood) testosterone concentrations — which improves libido and sexual function in men.

15. Date Palm

(Phoenix dactylifera)

Origin: Northern Africa

Class of Aphrodisiac: Sexual Stimulant

The pollen of the date palm has been traditionally used to treat male infertility by boosting sperm count, motility, morphology, and DNA quality.

Some animal studies have found that date palm pollen can increase in the weight of the testis and epididymis.

You can find date palm in the form of a powder to add to smoothies or mix with water.

16. American Ginseng

(Panax quinquefolius)

Origin: North America

Class of Aphrodisiac: Adaptogenic Aphrodisiac

American Ginseng is similar to Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) — but with some subtle differences in the ratios of active ingredients. Both herbs are used in much the same way but American Ginseng is considered more nourishing and cooling. It’s considered a better option for people suffering low libido alongside weakness, adrenal fatigue, and burnout.

Of the 2 ginsengs Asian ginseng is considered warming, or “yang” which has more of an effect on sexual potency and performance. American ginseng is considered more cooling, and “yin”, which still provides aphrodisiac effects, but with less impact.

Due to the more cooling and yin nature, the reduction of stress is more effective from American ginseng than Asian. This is important to consider because stress has a well documented, negative effect on sexual performance.

American ginseng is available in capsules.

17. Pine Pollen

(Pinus spp.)

Origin: International

Class of Aphrodisiac: Nutritional Aphrodisiac

Pine pollen is produced in huge quantities by the male flowers of pine trees.

Pine trees can be found all over the world in northern climates and the pollen of all species can be used medicinally to combat low testosterone and libido in men.

Pine pollen itself contains testosterone — which is thought to restore the estrogen/testosterone balance.

The ratio of testosterone to estrogen is very important for regulating reproductive health in men. Low testosterone levels, or high estrogen levels in the body can dramatically reduce libido and sexual performance — especially in men.

By restoring this balance, which has a natural decline with age, sexual performance and desire may be improved.

You can find pine pollen powder online to add to smoothies or shakes.

18. Ibhucu

(Bulbine natalensis)

Origin: Africa

Class of Aphrodisiac: Sexual Stimulant

The extract of this plant has been well studied for its steroid like effects. It’s purported to increase testosterone levels in mammals. These effects have been confirmed by researchers in a study investigating the anabolic and androgenic effects of the ibhucu stem extract in rats.

The raw plant has traditionally been used in Native African Cultures for its aphrodisiac effects, and to increase sexual desire and performance, and may be used to treat various sexual dysfunctions.

19. White Ginger

(Mondia whitei)

Origin: West Africa

Class of Aphrodisiac: Sexual Stimulant

White ginger is found mainly in West Africa and used to treat erectile dysfunction, increase libido, and increase sperm count. The effects of this herb are suggested to be due to an interaction with the adrenergic system in the brain and peripheral nervous system.

20. Crocus

(Crocus sativus)

Origin: Mediterranean

Class of Aphrodisiac: Mild Sexual Stimulant

This small, unassuming flower has been used as an aphrodisiac since ancient times. The active ingredient responsible for these effects is considered to be the chemical “crocin”. This herb is useful for increasing sexual desire and treating mild erectile dysfunction.

Crocus has a long history of use but is mild in its effects compared to other herbs listed in this article.

21. Jamzad

(Nepeta binaludensis)

Origin: Middle East

Class of Aphrodisiac: Aromatic Aphrodisiac

This plant is a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae). Characteristic to this family, the herb has a high concentration of essential oils. This essential (volatile) oil is what providesthe benefits on sexual function and fertility.

It’s been found in mice that the essential oil of jamzad was able to protect the reproductive system of mice exposed to a compound with known toxic effects on the reproductive organs. Through antioxidant and androgenic activity, jamzad essential oil was able to maintain healthy testosterone levels, sperm motility, spermatogenesis, and prevent DNA damage despite exposure to the toxic compound.

This same study also noted follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone levels actually increased, and spermatogonium, spermatid cords, Leydig cells, and spermatozoids also increased in number.

22. Love Vine

(Cassytha spp.)

Origin: Caribbean

Class of Aphrodisiac: Unknown

The common name of this parasitic herb (Love vine), implies its traditional use. This herb is mainly used as a diuretic and to treat cancer in traditional medical systems, but also provides some additional effects as an aphrodisiac.

This is an example of a plant that has a long history of use as an aphrodisiac, but there’s little scientific research to explore how it achieves this effect.

23. Ashwagandha

(Withania somnifera)

Origin: Asia

Class of Aphrodisiac: Adaptogenic Aphrodisiac

Ashwagandha is best known for its use in the Ayurvedic medical system as an adaptogen and aphrodisiac. It’s used for a wide range of conditions — primarily revolving around stress or adrenal burnout as an underlying cause. This herb is especially good for people who are experiencing low libido or fertility as a result of chronic stress.

This herb has been shown to have a positive impact on spermatogenesis by inducing a testosterone-like effect and stimulating the production of nitric oxide synthase [3].

We recommend trying KSM-66 ashwagandha capsules.

24. Indian Almond

(Terminalia catappa)

Origin: Asia

Class of Aphrodisiac: Sexual Stimulant (mild)

The seeds of the Indian Almond tree are commonly used as an aphrodisiac [3]. It’s been shown to prolong ejaculation latency in rats, but failed to increase mating rates in the study mice population [6]. There have been few studies on the aphrodisiac effects of this herb in humans.

These results suggest that Terminalia catappa may be useful for certain types of sexual dysfunction such as premature ejaculation, but may not provide direct libido-enhancing effects like many of the other herbs on this list.

25. Nutmeg 

(Myristica fragrans)

Origin: Indonesia

Class of Aphrodisiac: Aromatic Aphrodisiac

Nutmeg has traditionally been used as an aphrodisiac in Unani medicine in India for the treatment of male sexual disorders and dysfunction. Other traditions (such as in the Middle East) suggest the herb is only effective as an aphrodisiac for women.

The mechanism of action is thought to be through the effects of eugenol — a component of the essential oil of the plant and the main compound responsible for the characteristic aroma of nutmeg.

This is the same active ingredient in another aphrodisiac herb — clavo huasca — from South America.

Nutmeg essential oil is available online.

26. Tongkat Ali

(Eurycoma longifolia)

Origin: Southeast Asia

Class of Aphrodisiac: Sexual Stimulant

Tongkat Ali is an Indonesian, Vietnamese, Malaysian, and Laos native. It’s become famous as a symbol of man's strength and virility in Malaysian culture, and is now widely available online as a “herbal viagra”. It’s mainly used to promote erection in men, but can be used to increase sexual desire in both men and women.

The herb was shown to produce an increase in the penile reflexes in mice — which is an important component of proper function of the organ. This shows that tongkat ali may be able to increase the longevity of erection and overall function of the male reproductive organs [3, 4].

You can order tongkat ali powder online to add to smoothies or protein shakes.

27. Ginkgo

(Ginkgo biloba)

Origin: Asia

Class of Aphrodisiac: Nervine Aphrodisiac

Ginkgo biloba has been used in China for over 2000 years for a wide-range of applications — primarily involving cognitive function, stress, and cardiovascular health.

The benefits on the cardiovascular system are thought to be one of the main reasons for the herbs ability to support sexual function — especially in men.

Only recently has ginkgo started to gain a reputation as a sexual performance-enhancement herb. According to Meston et al (2008), “Ginkgo biloba extract facilitates blood flow, influences nitric oxide systems, and has a relaxant effect on smooth muscle tissue”. These effects would have a positive effect on the sexual function in both males and females.

This herb is best used as a general male tonic for supporgint cognition and sexual function before there’s any specific issues. This ability to support the brain, cardiovascular system, and reproductive organs in men is common in many aphrodisiac trees — including muira puama, catuaba, and jatropha.

Ginkgo extract capsules are readily available online.

28. Asian Ginseng

(Panax ginseng)

Origin: Asia

Class of Aphrodisiac: Adaptogenic Aphrodisiac

Ginseng has been used as an aphrodisiac “cure all” for many hundreds of years in Asia. It’s widely considered a male tonic for promoting virility and overall health. This expensive, slow-growing herb is highly valued by older men in Asia and around the world.

Panax ginseng is the Asian species of the herb, which is very similar to the American species but with more stimulating effects. The additional stimulating effects of this ginseng root make it more effective for promoting sexual desire.

The effects of ginseng on reproductive function isn’t immediate and requires several days or weeks of use before any benefits can be noticed. it works by targeting the immune system and adrenal system to combat stress, improve immunity, and generally promote optimal health and wellbeing. The side effect of this is an increased desire for sexual activity.

Asian ginseng also has some direct benefits on the reproductive organs of men by increasing nitric oxide production and improving the dilation of blood vessels in the corpus cavernosum (responsible for inducing erection).

Order Asian Ginseng capsules online.

29. Schizandra berry

(Schizandra chinensis)

Origin: Asia

Class of Aphrodisiac: Nutritional Aphrodisiac

This berry is referred to as the “5 flavor berries” when translated from its Chinese (Pinyin) name (Wu wei zi). This refers to the complex flavor associated with the berry.

Schizandra is used in traditional Chinese medicine for many conditions and is especially good for lung conditions or to strengthen the immune system.

Many people will also use schizandra as an aphrodisiac and for its ability to make the skin more vibrant and attractive.

Traditional Chinese medicine suggests this berry contains the “quintessence of the five elements” (earth, water, fire, metal, wood), just as it contains the 5 flavors, which explains its high status as a tonic herb, and may explain some of its toning effects on sexual potency as well in TCM terms.

The berries have a stronger aphrodisiac effect in women compared to men. One of the main mechanisms of action for this effect has to do with the liver. Shizandra contains compounds that increase the detoxification pathways in the liver (both phase I and phase II). Phase II is required to metabolize female reproductive hormones. In many cases, insufficient liver activity can lead to an imbalance of estrogen to progesterone — which has a direct negative impact on reproductive health and libido.

Shizandra is available as a raw powder, or in capsules.

30. Horny Goat Weed

(Epimedium grandiflorum)

Origin: China

Class of Aphrodisiac: Sexual Stimulant

Epimedium was discovered as an aphrodisiac by a Chinese goat herder who noted significantly increased sexual activity of his herd after eating the plant. This has also led to its humorous and descriptive common name.

The only problem with this herb is the low bioavailability of the constituents in the human gut. In Traditional Chinese Medicine this herb is used to increase yang and is commonly used to treat poor male sexual function.

Horny goat weed is best used with other herbs in a formula. You can find horny goat weed capsules online.

31. Siberian Ginseng

(Eleutherococcus senticosus)

Origin: Northern Asia

Class of Aphrodisiac: Adaptogenic Aphrodisiac

Siberian ginseng (also known as eleuthero root) is commonly used in Traditional Chinese Medicine to provide energy and vitality. It’s considered an adaptogen, but has warm, stimulating properties as well (common in sexual performance-enhancement herbs).

Athletes actually use this herb to improve physical performance and speed recovery times after an injury.

The USSR at one point administered a commercial  preparation of the plant to factory workers to improve endurance and the overall health of the workers.

As an aphrodisiac, siberian ginseng is popular for improving energy levels in the bedroom, rather than directly stimulating libido.

You can find siberian ginseng (eleuthero root) as capsules.

32. Vanilla

(Vanilla planifolium)

Origin: Central & South America

Class of Aphrodisiac: Aromatic Aphrodisiac

Vanilla is an orchid originates from Mexico and central America. Its flowers only last a day before wilting so in that time it needs to be as attractive as possible to its pollinators. Once pollinated, a pod forms, and it is in this pod that the active aromatic chemicals characteristic to vanilla are created.

Vanilin is the main chemical contained in vanilla and is suggested to be the main ingredient responsible for vanillas aphrodisiac qualities.

There are many other aromas that combine with vanillin to create it’s signature scent of vanilla. Some sources report that there are over 150 different aromas in the vanilla pod.

This herb has been used for thousands of years by such cultures as the Aztecs and Myans for its aphrodisiac qualities.

Today, vanilla is a common ingredient in candles, creams, and oils for this same purpose.

Vanilla has been shown in lab studies to significantly increase mating in rats, and has been suggested to increase vaginal secretions in females.

In fact, the latin name Vanilla actually means "little vagina".

Vanilla essential oils are readily available online.

33. Rose

(Rosa spp.)

Origin: International

Class of Aphrodisiac: Aromatic Aphrodisiac

Rose is a flower well known for its beauty in both appearance and scent.

The rose flower has always been associated with love and sexuality. The scent in a rose is so powerful, only a tiny amount of the essential oil can cause a release of oxytocin in the brain.

This powerful essential oil is contained in such small amounts it takes roughly 60,000 roses to obtain just 1 oz (30 mL) of rose essential oil. This is why rose oil generally quite expensive.

Fortunately, it doesn’t take much for this compound to invoke feelings of love and arousal. It’s thought that many of the libido-enhancing effects of rose has to do with hormonal and regulatory effects. In the past, rose has been used to regulate menstrual cycle, improve fatigue, promote relaxation, and correct erectile dysfunction.

Rose essential oil is available online but can get expensive.

34. Ylang Ylang

(Cananga odorata)

Origin: Southeast Asia

Class of Aphrodisiac: Aromatic Aphrodisiac

Ylang ylang is the flower of a very large tree, growing up to 20 meters tall.

The name ylang ylang means "flower of flowers" in Malayan. It has calming and arousing qualities, and has been used to treat depression, anxiety, erectile dysfunction, menstrual irregularities, and to improve orgasms.

In some cultures ylang ylang is strewn over the beds of newly weds for increasing sexual desire.

Due to some of ylang ylangs other effects on promoting calmness and tranquility, it’s become popular among those experiencing poor libido as a result of chronic stress or anxiety.

Look for ylang ylang essential oil to use in a diffuser or DIY topical products.

Author:

Justin Cooke, BHSc

The Sunlight Experiment

Recent Blog Posts

 References:

1. Buhner, S. H. (2007). The natural testosterone plan: For sexual health and energy. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press.

2. M. T. Yakubu and A. J. Afolayan. (2010). Anabolic and androgenic activities of Bulbine natalensis stem in male Wistar rats. Pharmaceutical Biology. 48(5). 568-576.

3. Chauhan, N. S., Sharma, V., Dixit, V. K., & Thakur, M. (2014). A review on plants used for improvement of sexual performance and virility. BioMed research international, 2014.

4. Kotta, S., Ansari, S. H., & Ali, J. (2013). Exploring scientifically proven herbal aphrodisiacs. Pharmacognosy reviews, 7(13), 1.

5. Taylor, L. (2005). The healing power of rainforest herbs: A guide to understanding and using herbal medicinals. Garden City Park, NY: Square One Publishers.

6. W. D. Ratnasooriya and M. G. Dharmasiri. (2000). Effects of Terminalia catappa seeds on sexual behaviour and fertility of male rats. Asian J Androl. 2(3). 213-219.