A Herbalist’s Guide to Using CBD Oil

Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the primary medicinal components of the cannabis plant.

CBD is starting to become a trending health supplement, suggested for treating a long list of health conditions — including epilepsy, insomnia, high stress, autoimmune disease, pain, anxiety, and inflammation.

Although CBD is an excellent phytotherapeutic ingredient, it does have some limitations in what it can provide. And not all CBD products are going to offer the same level of benefit — not even close.

With the increased popularity in the compound, lots of companies have stepped up to the plate with their own products to try and get their own piece of the market.

Many of these companies are selling great CBD products, while others are selling products that lack direction in their formula, use low quality or contaminated hemp eextracts, or simply don't provide a strong enough dose to do what the supplement promises.

This guide aims to highlight exactly how CBD works, and how you should use the compound depending on what your goal for using it is.

This guide will teach you how the following:

1. How to determine a good CBD brand from a bad one
2. How to calculate the right dose of CBD
3. When to use CBD Isolates or full-spectrum extracts
4. Why cannabinoid profiles matter
5. What form of CBD you should be using

CBD & The Cannabis Plant

The cannabis plant has a long history of use. It's been used as a food, medicine, and intoxicant for several thousand years.

There are three species of cannabis.

1. Cannabis indica
2. Cannabis sativa
3. Cannabis ruderalis

Most cannabis products on the market are made from Cannabis indica, Cannabis sativa, or a hybrid of the two. Cannabis ruderalis is small, harder to cultivate, and doesn't produce nearly as many of the desired cannabinoids.

Cannabis sativa is much larger and more fibrous than Cannabis indica, and there are a number of strains that have been bred to contain low THC. These are the types of plants we refer to as hemp.

Cannabis indica is small and bushy. There are also low THC strains of Cannabis indica, but it's not considered hemp from a legal perspective and is less valuable as a textile due to the low fiber content.

What is CBD Really Good For?

Of all the cannabinoids, CBD has attracted the most interest from researchers — there are thousands of research papers published on the topic each year.

The most important of these studies are the clinical trial involving human subjects. According to data obtained from ClinicalTrials.gov there are currently 169 clinical trials currently underway involving CBD.

+ Suggested Uses of CBD

• ADD and ADHD
• ALS
• Acne
• Addiction
• Alzheimer’s Disease
• Anemia
• Anorexia
• Antibiotic Resistance
• Anxiety
• Arthritis
• Asthma
• Atherosclerosis
• Autism
• Bipolar Disorder
• Cancer
• Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis
• Depression
• Diabetes
• Endocrine Disorder
• Epilepsy
• Fatty Liver Disease
• Fibromyalgia
• Glaucoma
• Heart Disease
• Huntington's Disease
• Inflammation
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome
• Kidney Disease
• Menstrual Cramping
• Metabolic Syndrome
• Migraine
• Mood Disorders
• Motion Sickness
• Multiple Sclerosis
• Nausea
• Neurodegeneration
• Neuropathic Pain
• Obesity
• Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
• Osteoporosis/Bone Health
• PTSD
• Pain
• Parkinson’s Disease
• Prion/Mad Cow Disease
• Rheumatism
• Schizophrenia
• Skin Conditions
• Sleep Disorders
• Spinal Cord Injuries
• Stress
• Stroke
• Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

+ Clinically-Proven Uses of CBD

• Inflammatory Bowel Disease [17]
• Dystonia [18]
• Epilepsy [19]
• Social Anxiety Disorder [20]
• Glaucoma [21]
• Insomnia [22]
• Huntingtons Disease [23]
• Multiple Sclerosis [25]
• Neuropathic pain [24]
• Arthritis [26]
• Schizophrenia (Caution) [27]
• Substance abuse/addiction [28]

+ Uses With Loose Scientific Support

• Alzheimer's Disease
• Psychosis
• Anti-ageing
• Breast Cancer [16]
• Gout

How To Use CBD Therapeutically

Smoking used to be the most common way of getting CBD into the body.

We now know that smoking poses other health risks — so should be generally avoided if the goal of using the plant is health promotion.

There are a lot of other ways to use CBD. 

People who use CBD medicinally more commonly use the extract in the form of a capsule, oil, tincture, or edible.

By far, the most popular form of CBD among the public is CBD oil, while professional herbalists and naturopaths usually prefer using alcoholic extracts or formulated capsules (we’ll get into why this is later on).

Not all forms of CBD are best for everyone — so it’s useful to learn about the different kinds of administration so you can make an educated decision on which ones to use for yourself or others.

Here’s a brief guide on each of the primary forms of CBD. 

1. CBD Oils

CBD oils are by far the most popular method of consumption for CBD in the modern era. They refer to extracts of the cannabis plant dissolved into a carrier oil like olive oil or coconut oil.

Oils are useful because they store for long periods of time, are absorbed quickly under the tongue or through the digestive tract, and come in many different potencies.

There are both isolate forms containing pure CBD, and full-spectrum oils containing the entire spectrum of cannabinoids — including CBC, CBG, CBN, and THC.

Dosing CBD oils is simple — once you understand how much CBD you need to take, you can calculate how many drops of oil that equates to. It can be anywhere from 2–200 drops depending on the strength of the oil and your individual dose.

Advantages:

• Most well-rounded form of CBD dosing
• Can also be used topically
• Allows for advanced dosage schedules
• Long shelf-life

Disadvantages:

• Can have a bad taste
• Figuring out doses can be confusing at first
• Many products contain contaminants

2. CBD Capsules

CBD capsules are made by adding CBD isolate chrystals (or oil) to a capsule. Capsules offer standardized doses of CBD (and in some cases, other cannabinoids).

Many people using CBD medicinally will choose to use CBD capsules because of how easy they are to dose correctly, there are no calculations needed like there is with oils.

The main downside to capsules it that you can't administer them sublingually like oils — which means the onset of effects is going to be slower. They're also generally more expensive than oils.

Advantages:

• Offers a standardized dose of CBD
• Compact and easily transportable doses

Disadvantages:

• More expensive per mg CBD
• Doesn't allow for advanced dosage programs

3. CBD Suppositories

CBD suppositories aren't popular — but they're very useful for some conditions.

Suppositories produce almost instant absorption thanks to the abundance of microcapillaries in the rectum. Through these capillaries, CBD is delivered directly into the bloodstream.

Suppositories are useful for treating conditions affecting the colon and lower digestive tract — but can also be used to treat systemic conditions as well.

Advantages:

• Delivers CBD directly to the large intestine
• Fast absorption

Disadvantages:

• Uncomfortable form of dosing
• More expensive than most other dosage forms

4. CBD Tinctures

CBD tinctures are the same as CBD oils, but instead of using oil as the solvent, alcohol is used.

Tinctures are a reliable and common form of herbal medicine. The main benefit to alcoholic tinctures over oils is that they can be formulated with other herbs dissolved in alcohol — whereas CBD oils cannot.

In the future, as the legal use of medical cannabis opens up, natural health professionals using cannabis will likely opt for full-spectrum tinctures to enable formulating with other herbal extracts.

For the public, CBD oil is the better option because it's less harsh tasting and offers many of the same benefits.

Advantages:

• Better for making wholistic cannabis extracts
• Can easily be combined with other herbal tinctures to create custom formulas
• Has better absorption rates than CBD oils

Disadvantages:

• Alcoholic taste can be disagreeable
• Hard to find true CBD tinctures (most tinctures sold online are actually just CBD oils)
• Not suitable for dosing in children or alcoholics/ex-alcoholics

5. Raw Cannabis Flower

All of the above products are derived from the flowers of female cannabis plants.

As the female plants produce flowers, they secrete a sticky resin on the surface of the leaves and buds. This resin contains high concentrations of cannabinoids, terpenes, plant sugars, and various other phytochemicals.

The traditional way of using cannabis, which is still predominant today, it to smoke or vaporize the flowers. As the flowers burn, the cannabinoids present in the resin become activated through a process known as decarboxylation — and enter the lungs of the patient where they can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

In order to use this form of administration, it's important to first rule out any lung conditions, such as bronchitis or lung cancer. The next step is to carefully select the strain being used. Now all cannabis strains are suitable for every condition.

For best results, consider cannabinoid, terpene, and anecdotal effect profiles of products that best match your individual health goals.

Advantages:

• The cheapest option available
• Has the least processing of all the dosage forms
• Strain-specific options help optimize the intended effects

Disadvantages:

• Smoking is hazardous to health
• Raw cannabis makes it difficult to hit high doses

6. Topical CBD

Topical CBD products are made using either a CBD isolate or a full-spectrum extract. These starting extracts are dissolved into a cream, salve, or gel to be applied to the skin.

These products are excellent for treating skin conditions, or muscle/joint pain with CBD.

The main things to watch out for with these products is the concentration of CBD (which should be at least 10 mg/mL to be effective), and the inclusion of other ingredients (CBD shouldn't be used alone for this application).

Advantages:

• Delivers CBD and other ingredients directly to the skin/muscles/joints

Disadvantages:

• Often sold without any additional ingredients to improve the formula
• Can contain harmful ingredients
• Often lacks the dosage of CBD necessary to provide any benefit

Look Out For Junk CBD

Unfortunately, there are a lot of really bad CBD products being sold on the market today.

There aren’t any government regulations in the manufacture of these products, so a lot of companies are taking advantage of this by purchasing the cheapest hemp they can to cut their bottom line — often at the expense of the end-user due to heavy metal contaminants, or heavy pesticide use.

There are so many cannabis products flooding the market these days; it’s becoming harder and harder to tell the difference between high-quality and low-quality. 

Low-quality manufacturing can result in products that:

• Contain concentrations of CBD that are too low to be therapeutically relevant

• Use hemp sources that have been contaminated by heavy metals or excessive pesticide/herbicide use

• Made using rancid or contaminated carrier oils

• Have added ingredients like flavor additives or preservatives that are harmful to the body

• Have a poorly-thought-out formula of other ingredients

• List unhelpful or incorrect dosages on the label

Tips On Finding Quality CBD Products:

The vast majority of CBD products on the market at the moment comes in the form of CBD oil. 

Many of these oils are high-quality and can be used successfully as medicine.

Unfortunately, there are also a ton of poor quality products on the market that shouldn’t be used medicinally. 

There are a lot of factors that go into making CBD oil. And there’s a lot of people who want their piece burgeoning CBD pie. New CBD brands enter the market all the time with little effort made towards the quality of their product.

This can make it difficult to source CBD products that are going to deliver the benefits CBD has to offer.

How I Assess CBD Products For Medicinal Value

Before using any CBD product, you should do some investigating on the cannabinoid profile, terpene content, and potency of the oil. 

1. Look At The Cannabinoid Profiles

The cannabinoids are a class of structurally similar compounds that have the unique ability to interact with our endocannabinoid system.

Cannabinoids are secreted suspended in a sticky resin over the leaves and buds of female cannabis flowers.

This resin is released as a way to defend the plant's buds from animals, insects, and environmental exposure.

The resin helps protect the cannabis plant from things like:

• Insect invasion

• Drought

• Harsh sun exposure

• Animal attack

Interestingly, modern cannabis plants have evolved purely due to its ability to attract human cultivators. The effect cannabinoids have on the human body are profound and has helped the plant become one of the most successful species on earth.

Each cannabis plant has a unique cannabinoid profile. This is a term referring to the concentration of various cannabinoids. Through selective breeding, we've been able to develop different genetic versions of the cannabis plant that each have their own cannabinoid "fingerprints" or identifiers. They'll reliably produce the same concentration of each cannabinoid throughout the growing process.

Some strains are low in psychoactive cannabinoids like THC and THCV, while others have exceptionally high concentrations.

This is why the cannabis plant can seem contradictory at times. The incredible variability of the cannabinoid profiles give each strain completely different effects: 

Here are some of the most common contradictions of the effects of different cannabis strains:

• It's anti-anxiety, but can also cause anxiety

• It's a sedative, but also a stimulant

• It makes us feel hungry but also suppresses appetite

The root of these contradictions comes down to the cannabinoid profile of the plant.

There are hundreds of different cannabis strains, each one with slight differences in the levels of each cannabinoid, as well as other factors like terpenes.

By looking at the cannabinoid profile, often highlighted by certificates of analysis on a companies website, we can make an educated guess as to the effects that particular strain is going to produce.

Note: Why Cannabinoid Profile Matters

Plant extracts are good examples of polypharmacy (multiple medicinal compounds being used together).

If you were to isolate each one from the cannabis plant, you’d have over 421 different compounds [1]. At least 66 of these are considered cannabinoids.

(Typical Cannabinoid Profile Analysis)

As you’ll see in the next section, each cannabinoid in the plant has a unique effect on the body — and all of them interact differently together.

If you’ve ever used cannabis, you may have noticed that some strains make you feel anxious, while others make you feel relaxed and calm.

Therefore choosing the right strain or extrac matters a lot. If you’re trying to treat anxiety, it won’t help to give them a cannabis product that causes anxiety — it’s better to use a product that offers relaxing effects instead.

CBD Isolate vs. Full-Spectrum Extracts

You may have noticed that there are two main types of CBD products on the market; CBD isolates, and full-spectrum extracts.

There’s some debate over which one is better — so I’ll give you my opinion and state the facts as I see them so you can formulate your own.

The main benefit of CBD isolates is that it’s easier to quantify their effects from a research perspective (since it’s only one compound instead of a few hundred in a full spectrum extract).

CBD isolates are also a lot cheaper to produce standardized extracts since we can directly control the amount of CBD that goes into a product, and it makes it easier to get high doses of CBD.

The problem with CBD isolates is that they just aren’t as reliable as a high-quality full spectrum extract. The other cannabinoids in the plant work alongside CBD to provide greater effects, even with smaller doses.

However, full spectrum extracts are hard to standardize, making them expensive. This is because each batch of plant material has a different cannabinoid profile. Listing a specific CBD content on the bottle, in this case, can be challenging.

The Pros and Cons of CBD Isolate vs. Full Spectrum Extracts Include:

CBD Isolate

Positives	Negatives
Easy to quantify its effects	Fewer medicinal uses
Easier to take high doses of CBD	Increased chances of side-effects
Always non-psychoactive	Narrow therapeutic effect margins

Full Spectrum Extract

Positives	Negatives
Offers a greater array of effects	Tends to produce fewer side-effects
Harder to standardize extracts	May have psychoactive effects

2. Determine The Dosage

Dosing CBD and cannabis in general isn’t as straight forward as most would like.

The problem is that there are so many variable involved with how CBD will affect the individual, it’s difficult to figure out the correct dose on the first try.

Instead, dosing CBD requires careful titration — starting with a small dose, and building up until the desired effects are achieved.

What Strength Should You Use?

The dose will vary significantly depending on the strength you need. If you’re not sure where to start, here’s some general guidelines for the strength needed for some common conditions treated with CBD.

Recommended CBD Strengths By Condition

Note: These are general suggestions to get started. Your experience may differ.

Low Strength	Medium Strength	High Strength
General Health	Nausea	Chronic Pain
Nausea	Chronic Pain	Glaucoma
Migraines	Sleep Disorders	Sleep Disorders
Stress	Anxiety	Anxiety
Mild Insomnia	Migraines	Epilepsy
	Inflammatory Conditions	Cancer
	Anxiety	Migraines

CBD Dose By Weight & Desired Strength

Here are some starting guidelines based on desired strength and weight. 

Keep in mind these are simply starting guidelines — effective CBD use involves dialing-in the dose according to your individual body.

CBD Dosages by Strength & Weight

Weight (Ibs)	Low Strength	Medium Strength	High Strength
100 Ibs (45 kg)	10 mg	30 mg	60 mg
125 Ibs (57 kg)	13 mg	38 mg	75 mg
150 Ibs (68 kg)	15 mg	45 mg	90 mg
175 Ibs (80 kg)	17 mg	52 mg	105 mg
200 Ibs (90 kg)	20 mg	60 mg	120 mg
225 Ibs (102 kg)	22 mg	67 mg	135 mg
250 Ibs (114 kg)	25 mg	75 mg	150 mg

The best way to go about dosing CBD is to start on the lower end of the range and build up gradually over the course of a week.

If any side-effects are noticed, dial back to the last dose that didn’t cause any side effects. This is your dose. 

3. Read Reviews on the Manufacturer Before You Buy

It’s hard to know if a CBD product is going to be good quality or not before buying it — especially with so many CBD companies on the market today.

Websites like DailyCBD.com do in-depth reviews of various manufacturers and product lines, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses.

We recommend using websites like Daily CBD before buying any CBD products to get a non-biased analysis of the company, and the individual products they sell.

You’d be surprised how many of the common, “name brand” companies selling CBD oils have poor quality-assurance standards, use low quality hemp, or have been caught lying about their cannabinoid profiles.

(Image sourced from DailyCBD.com)

Conclusion: How to Use CBD

CBD offers many valuable benefits to the human body — especially through its role in regulating the endocannabinoid system, which in itself is a critical component of homeostasis.

Any issues regulating homeostasis is going to result in side-effects, and potentially even serious health conditions.

CBD and CBD products should always be first assessed based on cannabinoid profile, and then on anecdotal effect profiles. Without taking this step, you’re essentially taking a gamble on whether that CBD product is going to give you the relief you’re looking for. It can even make some symptoms worse if you’re not careful.

Whenever buying CBD, we recommend using a review website. This gives you expert insight into the quality and effect-profile of the CBD product before you make a purchase.

Author:

Justin Cooke, BHSc

The Sunlight Experiment

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