Camellia sinensis is the plant that brings us tea in all its many colors and flavors. It has a fairly high level of caffeine, and plenty of antioxidants. It makes a great tea for...
Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum)
What is Reishi?
Reishi is a medicinal forest-grown fungus. It's revered in traditional medical systems across Asia for its powerful immune-enhancing and longevity-promoting benefits.
Medicinal mushrooms are notorious for their complex effects on the immune system — often working in both directions (stimulation and inhibition), depending on what’s needed.
Reishi is no different — it's one of the most important medicinal herbs for longevity and immune health in the world.
This saprophytic (tree-eating) fungus is often used for the prevention and treatment of immune-related illness — including cancer, autoimmunity, infection, inflammation, and allergic reaction.
Reishi is also used for anxiety, depression, insomnia, and as a general adaptogen for overall health and wellbeing.
What is Reishi Used For?
Reishi has the unique ability to act bidirectionally on the immune system — which means it can increase immune activity, and decrease immune activity. It appears it will push the immune system in whatever direction it needs to go. In patients with low immunity or cancer, reishi up-regulates the immune response.
however, in patients with hyperactive immune activity — such as autoimmune disease or allergic reaction — reishi has an opposite effect, toning down the immune response.
This is an effect not well understood to this day, but gives the mushroom an incredibly versatile set of benefits.
Traditionally, reishi is considered a shen tonic — which is used to calm the nerves, ease anxiety, and promote healthy sleep (without being directly sedative).
Most people use reishi as a general health and immune tonic. It’s used by people with known immune-related illness — such as frequent infection, autoimmunity, chronic inflammation, cancer, and more.
Others use the herb as a prophylactic against common infections like colds and flus, or to keep chronic viral infection at bay (such as herpes or shingles).
Traditional Uses of Reishi
+ Traditional Chinese Medicine
In Traditional Chinese Medicine this fungus has been used for (altitude sickness and is often combined with chrysanthemum, rhodiola, and safflower seed.
Taste:
Sweet [5]
Energy:
Neutral [5]
Channels:
Heart, liver, lung [5]
Actions:
Tonifies, the heart, calms and anchors the Shen, stops cough, stops wheezing, dislodges phlegm, tonifies the spleen, tonifies the Qi, tonifies blood [5]
Indications:
Suitable during pregnancy [5].
Dose:
3-15g decocted20 mins [5]
Considered to be warming, astringent, nourishing, detoxifying, and tonifying. Protects qi of the heart, used to repair a knotted, tight chest. Traditionally in this system, it was recommended to take this herb over long periods to reap the benefits of longevity.
The spores are suggested to contain high amounts of jing and considered an elixir of life [1].
Other uses include Hashimoto's disease, in foot baths for gout, altitude sickness prevention, and immune regulation. [1].
+ Ayurveda
A related species — Ganoderma applanatum — has been used extensively in Ayurvedic systems in the pine region of India. Its uses include stopping excessive salivation in the mouth, as a styptic.
+ Other Historical Uses
Reishi has been used medicinally in Asian countries for at least 4000 years and is the most widely depicted mushroom in Japan, Korea, and China, which can be found on temples, tapestries, statues, and paintings.
Reishis rarity and subsequent value made it most accessible to the privileged like emperors and royalty. It has long been associated with longevity and was included in many ancient medical texts for this purpose.
Used to treat liver ailments, lung conditions, kidney disease, nerve pain, hypertension, gastric ulcers, and insomnia. The antler growth pattern is considered very rare and is the most desired for promoting sexual function in both men and women.
Other uses include its use as a means to ward off evil by hanging dried specimens over the door. Similarly, it has been placed on the graves of shamans to protect from evil souls or spirits.
Reishi has been used in nearly every format imaginable including tinctures, teas/decoctions, powdered preparations, brewed into beers and wines, and eaten raw.
Herb Details: Reishi
Herbal Actions:
- Adaptogen
- Immunomodulator
- Analgesic
- Muscle relaxant
- Nervine Relaxant
- Hepatoprotective
- Pulmonary trophorestorative
- Cardiotonic
- Chemoprotective
- Anti-Cancer
- Antiviral
- Antibacterial
Weekly Dose
- (1:2 Liquid Extract)
30-60 mL - View Dosage Chart
Part Used
- Fruiting body, Spores, Mycelium
Family Name
- Ganodermataceae
Distribution
- Asia, Europe, and North America
Constituents of Interest
- Beta-glucans
- Ergosterol
- Triterpenoids
- Polysaccharides
Common Names
- Reishi
- Ling Zhi
- Saiwai-Take
- Kishiban
CYP450
- Unknown
Quality
- Neutral
Pregnancy
- No adverse reactions expected.
Taste
- Bitter
Duration of Use
- Suitable for long term use.
Mycological Information
There are about 80 different species of Ganoderma, many of which are used as medicine. The Ganodermataceae contains 8 genera and roughly 300 different species.
Reishi is a saprophyte, meaning it only eats dying or decaying organic matter such as wood. It's mainly found growing on dying trees, stumps, and fallen logs.
Ganoderma spp. is long-lived — releasing approximately 30 billion spores everyday for up to 6 months or a year [1].
Habitat Ecology, & Distribution:
Wild Ganoderma lucidum is rare but is indigenous to forested regions of Asia including Japan, China, and Russia. Other species are found in North America and Europe.
It grows on Elm (Ulmus spp.), alder (Alnus spp.), oak (Quercus spp.), maple (Acer spp.) and some strains on conifers. Other species of Ganoderma such as G. tsugae or G. oregonense grow better and almost exclusively on conifers. G. lucidum, however, prefers hardwoods.
G. lucidum can be found very rarely in the Pacific Northwest, and a similar species (G. curtisii), is seen more commonly in eastern Canada around the great lakes region [1]. This species is actually a yellow form of the red G. lucidum.
Most reishi products on the market are cultivated in a sterile environment on logs or sawdust in large laboratories.
Harvesting Collection, & Preparation:
Both the mycelium, fruiting body, and spores are used medicinally. The red and purple varieties are considered the most valuable. These phenotypes are also thought to be the most potent in their effects [1].
The spores can be either taken raw or can be cracked. This basically involves the germination, then drying of the spores and is suggested to provide stronger medicinal effects after this germination process has taken place.
Another, much more expensive way of ingesting the spores it to run it through a supercritical CO2 extractor. This method creates a product that is roughly equivalent to 20-40 of the raw spore capsules [1].
A mushroom oil can also be extracted from the fruiting body waxes, can be used as is topically, or added to lotions, and salves.
Cosmetically it is useful as a sunscreen due to its radio-protective effects, as well as in anti-aging creams, and to remove warts [1].
As with most hard, polypores, chop the fungus into strips (better when wet or a saw may have to be used), and crumble into small pieces.
Decoct in water, then strain and freeze the leftover mush, doing this will cause the cell walls to burst and allow more constituents to be extracted during the next process. Next, after it has been frozen for 24 hours or so, de-thaw, and mix with 95% alcohol for at least 2 weeks.
In the end, strain, and combine with the decoction made earlier to a standardized amount.
Pharmacology & Medical Research
+ Antibacterial
Ganoderma applanatum is an effective inhibitor of:
- Bacillus cereus
- Cornybacterium diphtheria
- Escherichia coli
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Streptococcus pyogenes
Gram-positive bacteria were more affected than gram-negative [1].
It has been suggested that the polysaccharides in Ganoderma spp. are more antibacterial — while the triterpenoids are more antiviral.
More research is needed to elucidate on this further.
+ Anti-diabetic
Ganoderma has been reported to produce potent lens aldose reductase inhibition, and significant inhibition of serum glucose and sorbitol accumulation in the lens of the eye, red blood cells, and sciatic nerves in diabetic rats (based on earlier studies) [1]. This shows potential as a treatment for diabetic induced retinopathy and other diabetes-related damage in the body.
Has been shown to lower blood sugar levels in hyperglycemic models (fruiting body), and involved the ganoderan B and C [1].
In a study on type 2 diabetics not on insulin, were given reishi extracts, and compared to the placebo control group, were found to have significantly decreased glycosylated hemoglobin (8.4%-7.6%), in as little as 12 weeks. Fasting insulin levels, 2-hour -post-prandial insulin, fasting C-peptide, and post-prandial C-peptide all showed significant improvement in the reishi group [1].
Spores have also shown evidence for anti-diabetic effects [1].
+ Antioxidant
Methanol extracts of G. tsugae were found to be more potent in antioxidant effects that alpha-tocopherol, and exhibited significant inhibition of lipid peroxidation as such.
The antioxidant effects are not considered as reliable as G. lucidum but are very close. It is the phenol content that has been deemed responsible for these effects. [1].
G. tsugae fruiting body extract was shown to increase intracellular glutathione levels, which in turn protect against oxidative damage [1].
+ Antiulcer effects:
Polysaccharides from Ganoderma spp. protects the gastric mucosa by improving PGE2. This backs up some of its uses in the form of tea for treating ulcers.
+ Antiviral
G. lucidum fruiting body extracts have been shown to inhibit HIV, and HPV [1].
Rogers, (2011) reports that Ganaderiol-F, ganodermadiol, ganoderic acid beta, and lucidumol have all been identified as antiviral agents.
G. resinaceum (and most likely G. tsugae, and G. lucidum as well), have been shown to inhibit punta toro, pichinde, and H1N1 [1].
+ Blood Tonic
Reishi been shown to enhance the production of interleukin-1 in vitro, and increase white blood cell and haemoglobin levels in mice [1].
+ Cardiotonic
Reishi has been shown to improve symptoms of coronary heart disease [1].
G. lucidum has been shown to provide anti-cholesterol, anti-diabetic, reduced platelet aggregation, anti atherosclerotic, and antihypotensive effects, which all play a role in the development of cardiovascular disease.
Suggested to produce angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition through its ganoderic acid B, C2, D, and F [1].
+ Chemoprotective
Has been shown to increase natural killer cell activity of splenocytes by up to 52% [1]
+ Hepatoprotective
The triterpenoids contained in the mycelium of G. tsugae have shown hepatoprotective activity [1].
Ganodereic acid B has shown hepatoprotective effects [1].
+ Immunomodulatory
The polysaccharides from the mycelium were found to be both anti-inflammatories, and immune-stimulating, Rogers, (2011), suggests contradiction from these two effects suggest bi-directional (immunomodulatory) effects on immune response, rather than just stimulating. This appears to be dose-dependent and may be through modulation of cytokine production.
Reishi has been shown to both reduce inflammation and increase immune response — which is contradictory in that an increased immune response should correlate with inflammation. It's has been suggested that G. lucidum produces this apparent modulatory effect through the enteric mucosal pathway. Its effects on the immune system do not appear to be through IgE antibody synthesis, rather through a modulating effect on immunoglobulin levels [1].
+ Sedative
The spores are suggested to produce sedative and hypnotic effects in mice [1].
+ Other
There's some evidence to support the effects of reishi towards bronchitis and other lung disorders . The chemicals suggested to be responsible for these effects are gonoderic acids A, B, C1, and C2 [1].
Phytochemistry
+ Compounds by Anatomy
Fruiting Body
Carbohydrates, amino acids (including adenosine), steroids (ergosterols), protease, lysosomes, lipids, triterpenes, alkaloids, vitamins B2 and C, minerals (zinc, manganese, iron, copper, germanium), beta-glucans (up to 40.6%), [1].
Mycelium
Sterols, alkaloids, lactones, erogone, polysaccharides, triterpinoids,
Spores
choline, triterpenes, betaine, palmitic acid, stearic acid, ergosta7,22-dien-3b-ol, tetracosanoic acid, behenic acid, nonadecanoic acid, ergosterol, beta sitosterol, pyrophosphatidic acid, hentriacontane, tetracosane, ganodermasides (A and B) [1].
+ Species Specific Breakdown
Ganoderma tsugae
3 α-acetoxy-5α-lanosta-8,24-dien-21-oic acid, 2β,3α,9α-trihydroxy-5α-ergosta-7,22-dien, 3alpha-acetoxy-16alpha-tsugarioside B and C, ganoderic acid C2, ganoderic acid B, lucidone A, and glycans (various) [1].
Ganoderma applanatum
Ergosterol (and its peroxide), ergosta-7,22-dien-3b-ol, ergasta-7,22-dien-3-one, β-D-glucan, fungisterol, alnusenone, friedelin, triterpenoids (including ganoderenic, furanoganoderic, ganoderic acids), applanoxidic acids (A, B, C, and D), lanostandoid triterpenes E-H, lucidone A, ganoderma aldehyde, 3 linoleic acid steryl esters. To compare with G. lucidum, ganoderenic acid, and ganoderic acid is found in both [1].
Ganoderma lucidum
Still compiling research.
Clinical Applications Of Reishi:
Reishi is used as a supportive agent for cancer, autoimmune conditions, cardiovascular dysfunctions, respiratory dysfunctions, viral and bacterial infection, and hypertension. It's rarely used on its own, but makes for a great addition to herbal formulations.
Cautions:
Caution advised in combination with ACE inhibitor medications due to potential drug interactions.
Synergy
For altitude sickness: Combines well with rhodiola for this purpose.
It has been suggested that vitamin C helps absorb this mushroom, however, more research is needed to confirm this. Pineapple and ginger may also increase the absorption of reishi constituents.
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References:
Rogers, R. D. (2011). The fungal pharmacy: The complete guide to medicinal mushrooms and lichens of North America [Adobe Digital Editions version].
Berovic, M., J. Habijanic, I. Zore, B. Wraber, D. Hodzar, B. Boh and F. Pohleven. Submerged cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum biomass and immunostimulatory effects of fungal polysaccharides. J. Biotechnol. 103: 77–86, 2003
Jiang, Y., H. Wang, L. Lu and G.Y. Tian. Chemistry of polysaccharide Lzps-1 from Ganoderma lucidum spore and anti-tumor activity of its total polysaccharides. Yao. Xue. Xue. Bao. 40: 347–350, 2005.
Cheng, K.C., H.C. Huang, J.H. Chen, J.W. Hsu, H.C. Cheng, C.H. Ou, W.B. Yang, S.T. Chen, C.H. Wong and H.F. Juan. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides in human monocytic leukemia cells: from gene expression to network construction. BMC Genomics 8: 411, 2007.
Hempen, C. H., & Fischer, T. (2009). A Materia Medica for Chinese Medicine: Plants, Minerals, and Animal Products. (Pg. 436-437).
Thyagarajan, A., J. Jiang, A. Hopf, J. Adamec and D. Sliva. Inhibition of oxidative stress-induced invasiveness of cancer cells by Ganoderma lucidum is mediated through the suppression of interleukin-8 secretion. Int. J. Mol. Med. 18: 657–664, 2006.
Xie, J.T., C.Z. Wang, S. Wicks, J.J. Yin, J. Kong, J. Li, Y. C. Li and C.S. Yuan. Ganoderma lucidum extract inhibits proliferation of SW 480 human colorectal cancer cells. Exp. Oncol. 28: 25–29, 2006.
Paterson, R.R. Ganoderma — a therapeutic fungal biofactory. Phytochemistry. 67: 1985–2001, 2006.
Lin, Y.L., Y.C. Liang, S.S. Lee and B.L. Chiang. (2005). Polysaccharide purified from Ganoderma lucidum induced activation and maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells by the NFkappaB and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. J. Leukoc. Biol. 78: 533–543.
Gymnema (Gymnema sylvestre)
What is Gymnema?
Gymnema is known as "the sugar destroyer" because of its unique ability to inhibit our ability to taste sweet foods.
This quality is used to combat sugar cravings in diabetics to control blood sugar levels.
It's been used for thousands of years in India for treating conditions involving "sweet urine." This is a common symptom of diabetes as sugar diffuses into the urinary tract. Old methods of diagnosis involved tasting the urine to identify a sweet taste.
Gymnema offers a variety of unique benefits towards conditions like diabetes, including changes to the pancreatic beta-cells, responsible for releasing insulin into the blood.
Gymnema is also a diuretic, helping to clear glucose from the blood through urine (in combination with plenty of water of course).
Finally, gymnema leaves inhibit the sweet sensation on the taste buds, making food taste bland and dull, which can be used to reduce the cravings for sweet (high sugar) foods responsible for maintaining the pathophysiology of diabetes and metabolic syndromes.
What is Gymnema Used For?
Gymnema is mainly used to treat metabolic conditions like diabetes, PCOS, and metabolic syndrome. It's also used for dental carries, and poor digestion.
+ Mechanisms
- Inreases the number of insulin-secreting beta cells in the pancreas
- Decreases the perception of sweet taste on the taste buds
- Inhibits peripheral utilization of glucose by somatotrophin and corticotrophin.
Herb Details: Gymnema
Herbal Actions:
- Antidiabetic
- Hypocholesterolemic
- Suppresses Sweet Taste
- Diuretic
- Refridgerant
- Astringent
Weekly Dose
- (1:2 Liquid Extract)
25-75 mL - View Dosage Chart
Part Used
- Leaves
Family Name
- Apocynaceae
Distribution
- Southeast Asia
Constituents of Interest
- Gymnemic acids
- Gymnemasaponins
- Gurmarin
- Betaine
Common Names
- Gymnema
- The Sugar Destroyer
- Gurmar
CYP450
- CYP3A4
- CYP2C9
- CYP1A2
- CYP2D6
Quality
- Unknown
Pregnancy
- No adverse effects expected.
Taste
- Dull (Blocks sweet receptors on the tongue)
Duration of Use
- Suitable for long term use.
Botanical Information
Gymnema is a member of the Apocynaceae (dogbane) family of plants.
In the past, gymnema was included in the milkweed (Asclepiadaceae) family — but has since been changed to a subfamily category.
The Apocynaceae family now contains 5 subfamilies (Apocynoideae, Asclepiadoideae, Periplocoideae, Rauvolfioideae, and Secamonoideae).
It contains 5100 species and 366 genera. There are roughly 50 different species of Gymnema — many of which are used interchangeably.
Many plants in the Apocynaceae family are trees preferring tropical environments — except for a handful of species that prefer to grow in deserts.
Clinical Applications Of Gymnema:
Gymnema is mainly used for metabolic conditions including hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, metabolic syndrome, PCOS, hypertriglyceridemia, and both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Its diuretic and increases the number of pancreatic beta cells.
One of the more unique effects of gymnema is its ability to inhibit sweet flavor. By simply chewing on the leaves, our ability to perceive sweet flavors gradually fades away — helping to prevent excessive sugar intake in habituated individuals.
Cautions:
High saponins may cause gastrointestinal upset, caution advised with high doses.
Caution advised if taking hypoglyemic medication due to agonistic interaction.
+ Contraindications
- Caution advised with hypoglycemic drugs
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Iris (Iris versicolor)
What is Iris?
Iris is a misunderstood herb in many circles. It contains a set of constituents that are known to trigger nausea and vomiting — however, somewhat ironically, iris is also considered useful for treating nausea.
This herb has mild laxative qualities — thought to be due to a combination between its potent bitter constituents stimulating the flow of bile from the liver and gallbladder, and an ability to stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system. It's especially active on the liver, where it's used to treat poor digestion, liver dysfunction, and to treat skin conditions.
Other species sometimes used includes Iris caroliniana & Iris virginica.
What is Iris Used For?
Iris is used to treat skin conditions through the liver by improving elimination pathways and preventing excessive elimination and irritation through the skin. It's useful for acne, psoriasis, eczema, and rashes.
Other common uses of iris is for urinary tract infection, hypothyroidism, lymphadenopathy, and menstrual irregularities.
+ Mechanisms
- Thought to stimulate parasympathetic nervous system
- Iridin thought to induce laxative action due to irritating properties on mucus membranes
Herb Details: Iris
Herbal Actions:
- Bitter
- Pancreatic trophorestorative
- Alterative
- Antinflammatory
- Astringent
- Lymphatic
- Hepatic
- Laxative (mild)
- Diuretic
- Choleretic
- Cholagogue
Weekly Dose
- (1:2 Liquid Extract)
20–40 mL - View Dosage Chart
Part Used
- Root/Rhizomee
Family Name
- Iridaceae
Distribution
- North America
Constituents of Interest
- Furfural
- Irisin
- Salicylic Acid
- Oleo-resin, beta-sitosterols
- Beta-sitosterols
Common Names
- Iris
- Blue Flag
- Sweet Flag
- Poison Flag
- Harlequin Blueflag
Pregnancy
Avoid using iris while pregnant or breastfeeding.
Duration of Use
- Avoid long-term use in therapeutic doses.
Botanical Info:
Iris is native to North America and is common around marshes, streams, and lakes.
The Iridaceae family is named after the irises and refers to the rainbow due to the many colors of iris flowers. This family contains 66 different genera and approximately 2244 different species. Some of the other famous members of this family include Crocus spp. and Gladioli spp.
Clinical Applications of Iris
Iris has recently seen a peak in interest in the past few years, however, is still not a commonly used herb due to the presence of significant side effects. Iris is contraindicated in anything but small doses due to the mucous membrane irritant and nauseating side effects.
In small doses iris is useful for stimulating bile secretion, promoting movement in the bowels, stimulating the pancreas, and treating skin conditions arising from liver congestion.
Cautions:
Some of the constituents in fresh iris root can cause a burning sensation in the mouth and throat along with diarrhea and abdominal burning. It's considered an emetic, and mucus membrane irritant in higher doses. Use cautiously and only in smaller doses.
+ Contraindications
- Avoid high doses
- Mucus membrane irritation (IBS, IBD, etc)
- Diarrhea
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